Organic Chemistry As a Second Language: Second Semester Topics

ISBN: 1119110653

Author: Klein, David R.

Condition: New

Readers continue to turn to Klein's Organic Chemistry As a Second Language: Second Semester Topics, 4th Edition because it enables them to better understand fundamental principles, solve problems, and focus on what they need to know to succeed. The fourth edition explores the major principles in the field and explains why they are relevant. It is written in a way that clearly shows the patterns in organic chemistry so that readers can gain a deeper conceptual understanding of the material. Topics are presented clearly in an accessible writing style along with numerous hands-on problem solving exercises.Table of contentsChapter 1 Aromaticity 11.1 Introduction to Aromatic Compounds 11.2 Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds 21.3 Criteria for Aromaticity 61.4 Lone Pairs 10Chapter 2 IR Spectroscopy 132.1 Vibrational Excitation 142.2 IR Spectra 152.3 Wavenumber 162.4 Signal Intensity 212.5 Signal Shape 232.6 Analyzing an IR Spectrum 31Chapter 3 NMR Spectroscopy 383.1 Chemical Equivalence 383.2 Chemical Shift (Benchmark Values) 423.3 Integration 473.4 Multiplicity 513.5 Pattern Recognition 543.6 Complex Splitting 553.7 No Splitting 573.8 Hydrogen Deficiency Index (Degrees of Unsaturation) 583.9 Analyzing a Proton NMR Spectrum 613.10 13C NMR Spectroscopy 66Chapter 4 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution 694.1 Halogenation and the Role of Lewis Acids 704.2 Nitration 744.3 Friedel-Crafts Alkylation and Acylation 774.4 Sulfonation 844.5 Activation and Deactivation 894.6 Directing Effects 914.7 Identifying Activators and Deactivators 1014.8 Predicting and Exploiting Steric Effects 1114.9 Synthesis Strategies 119Chapter 5 Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution 1255.1 Criteria for Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution 1255.2 SNAr Mechanism 1285.3 Elimination-Addition 1345.4 Mechanism Strategies 139Chapter 6 Ketones and Aldehydes 1426.1 Preparation of Ketones and Aldehydes 1426.2 Stability and Reactivity of C=O Bonds 1466.3 H-Nucleophiles 1486.4 O-Nucleophiles 1536.5 S-Nucleophiles 1666.6 N-Nucleophiles 1686.7 C-Nucleophiles 178 6.3 H-Nucleophiles 148 6.4 O-Nucleophiles 153 6.5 S-Nucleophiles 166 6.6 N-Nucleophiles 168 6.7 C-Nucleophiles 1786.8 Some Important Exceptions to the Rule 1886.9 How to Approach Synthesis Problems 192Chapter 7 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 2007.1 Reactivity of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 2007.2 General Rules 2017.3 Acid Halides 2057.4 Acid Anhydrides 2147.5 Esters 2167.6 Amides and Nitriles 2267.7 Synthesis Problems 235Chapter 8 Enols and Enolates 2448.1 Alpha Protons 2448.2 Keto-Enol Tautomerism 2468.3 Reactions Involving Enols 2518.4 Making Enolates 2548.5 Haloform Reaction 2578.6 Alkylation of Enolates 2608.7 Aldol Reactions 2658.8 Claisen Condensation 2728.9 Decarboxylation 2798.10 Michael Reactions 286Chapter 9 Amines 2959.1 Nucleophilicity and Basicity of Amines 2959.2 Preparation of Amines Through SN2 Reactions 2979.3 Preparation of Amines Through Reductive Amination 3019.4 Acylation of Amines 3059.5 Reactions of Amines with Nitrous Acid 3099.6 Aromatic Diazonium Salts 312Chapter 10 Diels-Alder Reactions 31510.1 Introduction and Mechanism 31510.2 The Dienophile 31810.3 The Diene 32010.4 Other Pericyclic Reactions 326Answers 329Index 375